Distributed generation benefits the environment. Moreover, if its use minimizes the amount of electricity that should be generated at centralized power plants, it can reduce the environmental impacts of centralised generation.
FREMONT, CA: Distributed generation comprises various technologies generating electricity at or near where it will be used, like solar panels and combined heat and power. Distributed generation may serve a single structure, such as a home or business, or it may be part of a microgrid—a smaller grid tied into the larger electricity delivery network—such as at a major industrial facility, a military base, or a large college campus.
When connected to the electric utility’s lower voltage distribution lines, distributed generation supports clean delivery and reliable power to additional customers and reduces electricity losses along transmission and distribution lines.
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In the residential sector, common distributed generation systems include solar photovoltaic panels, small wind turbines, natural gas-powered fuel cells, and emergency backup generators, usually fueled by gasoline or diesel fuel. On the other hand, in the commercial and industrial arena, distributed generation includes resources like combined heat and power systems, solar photovoltaic panels, wind, hydropower, biomass combustion or cofiring, municipal solid waste incineration, fuel cells fired by natural gas or biomass, and reciprocating combustion engines, including backup generators fueled by oil.
Environmental Impacts of Distributed Generation
Distributed generation benefits the environment, and if its use reduces the amount of electricity centralised power plants should generate, it can reduce the environmental impacts of centralised generation. Existing cost-effective distributed generation technologies help to generate electricity at homes and businesses using renewable energy resources like solar and wind. Distributed generation can also harness the energy that would otherwise be wasted in a combined heat and power system. By using local energy sources, distributed generation alleviated or eliminated the line loss during transmission and distribution in the electricity delivery system.
However, there are also negative environmental impacts that distributed generation brings, which should be tackled properly. Distributed generation systems require a footprint, and as they are located closer to the end-user, some distributed generation systems will be unpleasant and cause land-use concerns. Distributed generation technologies involving combustion, especially burning fossil fuels, can produce several impacts as larger fossil-fuel-fired power plants, such as air pollution.
Although these impacts are smaller in scale than those of the larger power plant, they are closer to populated areas. Some distributed generation technologies, including waste incineration, biomass combustion, and combined heat and power, require water for steam generation or cooling. In addition, due to scale efficiencies, distributed generation systems using combustion are less efficient than centralised power plants. Therefore, distributors should understand how distributed energy technologies create negative environmental issues at the end of their useful lives when replaced or removed and take necessary steps while choosing and deploying these technologies.